GLOSSARY
Adaptive Behavior - the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that people have learned so they can function in their everyday lives.
Age equivalent - a general score that compares the performance of a student with others of the same age
Age Norms - standards based on the average performance of individuals according to age groupAssistive Technology (AT) - hardware or software that improves the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) - a condition characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - Autism, or autism spectrum disorder, refers to a range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication, as well as by unique strengths and differences.
Baseline Measure - the level or frequency of behavior prior to the implementation of an instructional procedure that will be later evaluated
Co-morbidity - two different disorders that are present within an individual but do not cause each other
Criterion-referenced Tests (CRTs) - tests that are scored according to a standard, or criterion, that the teacher, school, or test publisher decides represents an acceptable level of mastery
Curriculum-based Assessment (CBA) - a direct evaluation of skills that form part of the test-taker's curriculum
Differentiated Instruction (DI) - a framework of instructional planning that maximizes student learning through flexible approaches; suggests how to vary the content, process, or product to meet individual student needs.
Discrepancy Formula (also known as Ability-Achievement Discrepancy) - a formula that predicts a person's potential for learning based on the difference, or discrepancy, between measured intelligence and the achievement area.
Due Process - legal steps and processes outlined in educational law that protect the rights of students with disabilities
Dyslexia - a neurobiological disorder that causes a marked impairment in the development of basic reading and spelling skills.
FAPE - a Free and Appropriate Public Education as allowed under the law IDEA, 2004
ELL - English Language Learner
ESY - Extended School Year services
Grade Equivalent (GE) - a measure ofnthe score that would be achieved by students in the stated grade on the same instrument; a very general score.
Hyperactivity - behavior characterized by excessive motor activity or restlessness
Impulsivity - non-goal-oriented activity exhibited by individuals who lack careful thought and reflection prior to a behavior
Individual Education Program (IEP) - a written plan required by law for all students who are eligible for special education services under IDEA, 2004. This written program outlines current levels of performance, related services, educational goals, and modification/accommodations for a student with a disability so he or she may access a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment.
IEP Team - the team that develops the IEP includes the student, student's parents/guardians, teachers, service providers, school administration.
Intervention - preventive, remedial, compensatory or survival services made on behalf of an individual with a disability
Instructional Technology (IT) - technology readily available in classrooms for use by all students
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) - An educational setting for exceptional students and students with disabilities that minimizes their exclusion from students without disabilities
Multisensory Teaching Methods - instructional methods that involve multiple senses (e.g. seeing, hearing, saying, writing/touch) to teach a skill, such as print-sound awareness and reading.
Native Language - the primary language used by an individual; home language
Norm-referenced Tests - tests that compare a student's performance to the performance of others on the same measure
Percentile Rank (Percentile) - a score indicating the percentage of scores that occur at or below a given score. A percentile rank of 75 means a score as high as or higher than 75 percent of all test-takers
Prior Written Notice - before (prior to) the school district taking or refusing to take certain actions, they must give parents information in writing (the notice) stating what the action is and why they are taking or not taking it
Positive Reinforcement - any stimulus or event that occurs after a behavior has been exhibited that increases the possibility of that behavior occurring in the future with increased frequency
Raw Score - the count of items correctly answered on a given test
Related Services - services provided to a student with disabilities to enhance their ability to learn and function in the least restrictive environment. These services can include speech language therapy, occupational or physical therapy, hearing or vision services, health services, or counseling.
Response to Intervention (RTI) - a three-tiered model established under IDEA 2004 as an alternative to the discrepancy model for determining whether a student has a learning disability
Screening - the process of examining groups or individual students to identify at risk students; informal assessment
Standardized Test - test that compare the performance of each student with a representative group of students who take the same test, using detailed procedures for administration, timing, scoring, and interpretation procedures that must be followed precisely to obtain valid and reliable results.
Standard Score - a score that has been transformed to fit a normal distribution curve
Specific Learning Disability (SLD) - a broad category that includes several types of learning disabilities in reading, math, and writing.
Speech Language Impairment (SLI) - a disability that relates to receptive and expressive language development, articulation, speech fluency, voice/tone, and pragmatic (social) language skills.
Universal Design Learning (UDL) - a framework for instructional planning that addresses the needs of a wide range of students and minimizes the need for adaptions
Age equivalent - a general score that compares the performance of a student with others of the same age
Age Norms - standards based on the average performance of individuals according to age groupAssistive Technology (AT) - hardware or software that improves the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) - a condition characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - Autism, or autism spectrum disorder, refers to a range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication, as well as by unique strengths and differences.
Baseline Measure - the level or frequency of behavior prior to the implementation of an instructional procedure that will be later evaluated
Co-morbidity - two different disorders that are present within an individual but do not cause each other
Criterion-referenced Tests (CRTs) - tests that are scored according to a standard, or criterion, that the teacher, school, or test publisher decides represents an acceptable level of mastery
Curriculum-based Assessment (CBA) - a direct evaluation of skills that form part of the test-taker's curriculum
Differentiated Instruction (DI) - a framework of instructional planning that maximizes student learning through flexible approaches; suggests how to vary the content, process, or product to meet individual student needs.
Discrepancy Formula (also known as Ability-Achievement Discrepancy) - a formula that predicts a person's potential for learning based on the difference, or discrepancy, between measured intelligence and the achievement area.
Due Process - legal steps and processes outlined in educational law that protect the rights of students with disabilities
Dyslexia - a neurobiological disorder that causes a marked impairment in the development of basic reading and spelling skills.
FAPE - a Free and Appropriate Public Education as allowed under the law IDEA, 2004
ELL - English Language Learner
ESY - Extended School Year services
Grade Equivalent (GE) - a measure ofnthe score that would be achieved by students in the stated grade on the same instrument; a very general score.
Hyperactivity - behavior characterized by excessive motor activity or restlessness
Impulsivity - non-goal-oriented activity exhibited by individuals who lack careful thought and reflection prior to a behavior
Individual Education Program (IEP) - a written plan required by law for all students who are eligible for special education services under IDEA, 2004. This written program outlines current levels of performance, related services, educational goals, and modification/accommodations for a student with a disability so he or she may access a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment.
IEP Team - the team that develops the IEP includes the student, student's parents/guardians, teachers, service providers, school administration.
Intervention - preventive, remedial, compensatory or survival services made on behalf of an individual with a disability
Instructional Technology (IT) - technology readily available in classrooms for use by all students
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) - An educational setting for exceptional students and students with disabilities that minimizes their exclusion from students without disabilities
Multisensory Teaching Methods - instructional methods that involve multiple senses (e.g. seeing, hearing, saying, writing/touch) to teach a skill, such as print-sound awareness and reading.
Native Language - the primary language used by an individual; home language
Norm-referenced Tests - tests that compare a student's performance to the performance of others on the same measure
Percentile Rank (Percentile) - a score indicating the percentage of scores that occur at or below a given score. A percentile rank of 75 means a score as high as or higher than 75 percent of all test-takers
Prior Written Notice - before (prior to) the school district taking or refusing to take certain actions, they must give parents information in writing (the notice) stating what the action is and why they are taking or not taking it
Positive Reinforcement - any stimulus or event that occurs after a behavior has been exhibited that increases the possibility of that behavior occurring in the future with increased frequency
Raw Score - the count of items correctly answered on a given test
Related Services - services provided to a student with disabilities to enhance their ability to learn and function in the least restrictive environment. These services can include speech language therapy, occupational or physical therapy, hearing or vision services, health services, or counseling.
Response to Intervention (RTI) - a three-tiered model established under IDEA 2004 as an alternative to the discrepancy model for determining whether a student has a learning disability
Screening - the process of examining groups or individual students to identify at risk students; informal assessment
Standardized Test - test that compare the performance of each student with a representative group of students who take the same test, using detailed procedures for administration, timing, scoring, and interpretation procedures that must be followed precisely to obtain valid and reliable results.
Standard Score - a score that has been transformed to fit a normal distribution curve
Specific Learning Disability (SLD) - a broad category that includes several types of learning disabilities in reading, math, and writing.
Speech Language Impairment (SLI) - a disability that relates to receptive and expressive language development, articulation, speech fluency, voice/tone, and pragmatic (social) language skills.
Universal Design Learning (UDL) - a framework for instructional planning that addresses the needs of a wide range of students and minimizes the need for adaptions